CÂTE ŢĂRI SUNT PE PĂMÂNT

O întrebare frecventă este: câte ţări sunt pe pământ? Cu toată diferenţa de cifre găsite pe Internet, în 2012 statistica stă astfel (pentru cei interesaţi).

Există 196 ţări în lume.

Dintre acestea, 193 ţări sunt membre ale Naţiunilor Unite (UN).

Pe lângă acest număr, există ţări independente: Vatican şi Kosovo, care nu sunt membre ale Naţiunilor Unite (UN).

Departamentul Statelor Unite ale Americii recunosc doar 195 ţări în lume. De pe lista lor lipseşte o entitate care ar putea fi sau nu considerată ţară, în funcţie de situaţia politică din ţara care face o astfel de statistică. Această entitate este TAIWAN, care deşi întruneşte toate elementele unei ţări independente şi statutul de ţară, din motive politice, nu este recunoscută de comunitatea internaţională drept stat independent.

Taiwan a fost membru al Naţiunilor Unite (UN) şi a făcut parte şi din Consiliul de Securitate până în anul 1971, când China a înlocuit Taiwan în această organizaţie. Taiwan continuă să facă presiuni pentru recunoaşterea sa oficială de către celelalte ţări, pentru a deveni şi ea parte din numărul ţărilor din lume, încă China susţine că Taiwan este doar o provincie din marea ţară, China.

Aşadar, există 196 ţări în lume (inclusiv Taiwan).

Pe lângă aceste ţări mai există o serie de teritorii şi colonii care sunt denumite eronat “ţări”, cu toate că ele sunt guvernate de anumite ţări. Cele mai grave confuzii se fac pentru regiuni precum Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Groenlanda, Palestina, Sahara de Vest şi chiar pentru componente care fac parte din Marea Britanie, cum ar fi Irlanda de Nord, Scoţia, Wales şi Anglia, care nu sunt ţări, state sau naţiuni-state independente.

Termenul de ţară, stat sau naţiune este folosit frecvent, dar între aceste noţiuni există ceva diferenţe.

Stat sau ţară independentă

• are teritoriu sau spaţiu cu graniţe delimitate şi recunoscute internaţional (chiar dacă sunt disputate aceste graniţe pe plan internaţional)
• are o populaţie stabilă
• are activitate şi organizare economică (reglementează comerţul intern şi extern şi emite monedă)
• are puterea să se organizeze social (educaţia)
• are sistem de transport pentru mărfuri şi oameni
• are un guvern care oferă servicii publice şi are putere poliţienească
• are suveranitate (nici un aşt stat nu are putere asupra teritoriilor acestui stat independent)
• are recunoaştere externă (adică a primit votul altor ţări drept recunoaştere)

Naţiune sau naţiune-stat

Naţiunile sunt grupuri omogene culturale de oameni, mai mari decât un trib sau o comunitate, care împărtăşesc aceeaşi limbă, aceleaşi instituţii, aceeaşi religie şi aceeaşi experienţă istorică. Când o naţiune de oameni are un Stat sau o Ţară proprie, se numeşte naţiune-stat- Locuri ca Franţa, Egip, Germania şi Japonia sunt naţiune-state. Există şi State care au două naţiuni, precum Canada şi Belgia. Chiar şi în societatea multiculturală, Statele Unite este o naţiune-stat deoarece împărtăşeşte aceeaşi “cultură” americană

Există şi naţiuni fără State. De exemplu, Kurzii sunt o naţiune fără Stat.

CELE 196 ŢĂRI INDEPENDENTE ŞI CAPITALELE LOR (dacă daţi click pe linkurile ţărilor veţi afla, în engleză, mai multe detalii despre ţara respectivă)

Afghanistan - Kabul
Albania - Tirana
Algeria - Algiers
Andorra - Andorra la Vella
Angola - Luanda
Antigua and Barbuda - Saint John's
Argentina - Buenos Aires
Armenia - Yerevan
Australia - Canberra
Austria - Vienna
Azerbaijan - Baku
The Bahamas - Nassau
Bahrain - Manama
Bangladesh - Dhaka
Barbados - Bridgetown
Belarus - Minsk
Belgium - Brussels
Belize - Belmopan
Benin - Porto-Novo
Bhutan - Thimphu
Bolivia - La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo
Botswana - Gaborone
Brazil - Brasilia
Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria - Sofia
Burkina Faso - Ouagadougou
Burundi - Bujumbura
Cambodia - Phnom Penh
Cameroon - Yaounde
Canada - Ottawa
Cape Verde - Praia
Central African Republic - Bangui
Chad - N'Djamena
Chile - Santiago
China - Beijing
Colombia - Bogota
Comoros - Moroni
Congo, Republic of the - Brazzaville
Congo, Democratic Republic of the - Kinshasa
Costa Rica - San Jose
Cote d'Ivoire - Yamoussoukro (official); Abidjan (de facto)
Croatia - Zagreb
Cuba - Havana
Cyprus - Nicosia
Czech Republic - Prague
Denmark - Copenhagen
Djibouti - Djibouti
Dominica - Roseau
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo
East Timor (Timor-Leste) - Dili
Ecuador - Quito
Egypt - Cairo
El Salvador - San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea - Malabo
Eritrea - Asmara
Estonia - Tallinn
Ethiopia - Addis Ababa
Fiji - Suva
Finland - Helsinki
France - Paris
Gabon - Libreville
The Gambia - Banjul
Georgia - Tbilisi
Germany - Berlin
Ghana - Accra
Greece - Athens
Grenada - Saint George's
Guatemala - Guatemala City
Guinea - Conakry
Guinea-Bissau - Bissau
Guyana - Georgetown
Haiti - Port-au-Prince
Honduras - Tegucigalpa
Hungary - Budapest
Iceland - Reykjavik
India - New Delhi
Indonesia - Jakarta
Iran - Tehran
Iraq - Baghdad
Ireland - Dublin
Israel - Jerusalem*
Italy - Rome
Jamaica - Kingston
Japan - Tokyo
Jordan - Amman
Kazakhstan - Astana
Kenya - Nairobi
Kiribati - Tarawa Atoll
Korea, North - Pyongyang
Korea, South - Seoul
Kosovo - Pristina
Kuwait - Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek
Laos - Vientiane
Latvia - Riga
Lebanon - Beirut
Lesotho - Maseru
Liberia - Monrovia
Libya - Tripoli
Liechtenstein - Vaduz
Lithuania - Vilnius
Luxembourg - Luxembourg
Macedonia - Skopje
Madagascar - Antananarivo
Malawi - Lilongwe
Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur
Maldives - Male
Mali - Bamako
Malta - Valletta
Marshall Islands - Majuro
Mauritania - Nouakchott
Mauritius - Port Louis
Mexico - Mexico City
Micronesia, Federated States of - Palikir
Moldova - Chisinau
Monaco - Monaco
Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar
Montenegro - Podgorica
Morocco - Rabat
Mozambique - Maputo
Myanmar (Burma) - Rangoon (Yangon); Naypyidaw or Nay Pyi Taw (administrative)
Namibia - Windhoek
Nauru - no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
Nepal - Kathmandu
Netherlands - Amsterdam; The Hague (seat of government)
New Zealand - Wellington
Nicaragua - Managua
Niger - Niamey
Nigeria - Abuja
Norway - Oslo
Oman - Muscat
Pakistan - Islamabad
Palau - Melekeok
Panama - Panama City
Papua New Guinea - Port Moresby
Paraguay - Asuncion
Peru - Lima
Philippines - Manila
Poland - Warsaw
Portugal - Lisbon
Qatar - Doha
Romania - Bucharest
Russia - Moscow
Rwanda - Kigali
Saint Kitts and Nevis - Basseterre
Saint Lucia - Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Kingstown
Samoa - Apia
San Marino - San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe - Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia - Riyadh
Senegal - Dakar
Serbia - Belgrade
Seychelles - Victoria
Sierra Leone - Freetown
Singapore - Singapore
Slovakia - Bratislava
Slovenia - Ljubljana
Solomon Islands - Honiara
Somalia - Mogadishu
South Africa - Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judiciary)
South Sudan - Juba (Relocating to Ramciel)
Spain - Madrid
Sri Lanka - Colombo; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative)
Sudan - Khartoum
Suriname - Paramaribo
Swaziland - Mbabane
Sweden - Stockholm
Switzerland - Bern
Syria - Damascus
Taiwan - Taipei
Tajikistan - Dushanbe
Tanzania - Dar es Salaam; Dodoma (legislative)
Thailand - Bangkok
Togo - Lome
Tonga - Nuku'alofa
Trinidad and Tobago - Port-of-Spain
Tunisia - Tunis
Turkey - Ankara
Turkmenistan - Ashgabat
Tuvalu - Vaiaku village, Funafuti province
Uganda - Kampala
Ukraine - Kyiv
United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom - London
United States of America - Washington D.C.
Uruguay - Montevideo
Uzbekistan - Tashkent
Vanuatu - Port-Vila
Vatican City (Holy See) - Vatican City
Venezuela - Caracas
Vietnam - Hanoi
Yemen - Sanaa
Zambia - Lusaka
Zimbabwe – Harare

Pe lângă aceste 196 ţări din lume care sunt independente (Taiwan inclus) mai există peste 60 teritorii, colonii şi dependenţi ai ţărilor independente.

DIY HAIR MASK RECIPES

BLOOD TONICS

If you are blood deficient and if you have ever had your blood drawn and looked at through a microscope, you will see something quite interesting. Either your red blood cells are plump, round and healthy, or they are distorted, full of parasites or they are not well oxygenated. Some of the most successful green tonics that will bring the oxygen back to your blood cells and restore them, creating plump, round, healthy and vibrant. This tonic is very special. Please try to drink it at least 3 times a week, and daily if you have deficient blood.

1. 6 ALFALFA Leaves, fresh
2. 1 SPINACH (1 cup, packed)
3. 1 PARSLEY (1 cup, packed)
4. 1 CUCUMBER (unwaxed, English)
5. 6 CELERY (6 ribs from the stalk)
6. 6 DANDELION (leaves)
7. 1 LIME (large with skin)

This is one of the most powerful, super low glycemic TONICS you can take for your blood. We have seen miracles in people's bloodwork in just weeks.

DIGITAL ART

Ce am desenat cu programele de care vorbeam anterior http://goo.gl/qnPcF

Chiar interesante. O pasiune liniştitoare, relaxantă după o zi de muncă istovitoare. Cei care folosiţi sistemul Android pe tabletă sau pe telefon, încercaţi-le.

YOU WANT TO HAVE NATURAL HAIR?

Natural hair

Growth Enhancers

1. Zingiber officinale (Luya/Ginger) is a blood circulation enhancer, a hair bulb nutrient and stimulant. In combination with Aloe (Aloe Barbadensis), it is an effective hair grower and falling hair preventor. It has antiseptic and very powerful anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Moringa oleifera (Malunggay) contains thiocyanate which has high affinity to the hair bulbs and prevents falling hair. It strengthens the immune system, restores skin condition, controls blood pressure, relieves headaches and migraines, manages the sugar level, reduces inflammations and arthritis pains.
3. Panax ginseng (Ginseng) has been known for more than 2,000 years for its “nourishing” effect on skin and scalp and is believed to stimulate hair growth or at least prevent falling hair. It also aids in the blood circulation.
4. Centella asiatica (Takip-kohol) improves blood circulation and fights environmental aggression, free radicals and oxidation and thus naturally promotes hair growth.
5. Aloe barbadensis (Sabila) is a hair conditioning agent and hair growth stimulant, contains an enzyme that stimulates new hair production, increases the tissue from a cellular level and regenerates throughout all levels, has anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties which are helpful in fighting against androgenetic alopecia and hair loss.
6. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) upon skin contact clears away dirt and improves blood circulation, stimulates hair follicles to promote hair growth. It controls dandruff, moisturizes scalp, and brings out healthy hair.
7. Peppermint has been shown to retard the growth of many varieties of bacteria and fungi. It has a particularly relaxing effect on muscles. Because of its cooling properties, it may also relieve itching when applied topically. Peppermint is used for its stimulating, antiseptic and refreshing properties.
8. Lemongrass (Tanglad) helps clean skin/scalp pores leaving your hair healthy and refreshed. Lemongrass is known for its ability to aid in digestive health, pain relief as well as for its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.
9. Rosemary has the properties that stimulate hair growth, disinfect the scalp, increase blood circulation and improve hair health. It help combat dandruff, a source of hair loss. Rosemary has the ability to penetrate into the hair shaft and decrease capillary permeability and fragility.
10. Lavender helps relieve itching. It also has the properties to stimulate hair growth, increase blood circulation, improve the hair’s health, and combat dandruff. It has the ability to remove nervous tension, relieve pain, disinfect scalp and skin and treat respiratory problems.
11. Biotin is a “hair-and-nail vitamin.” Biotin is a member of the B-vitamin family needed for healthy hair and skin, and prevents hair loss. Using biotin for hair growth, significantly reduces the chances of hair loss. It nourishes and strengthens hair.

DIGITAL ART

Am o pasiune, desenul şi pictura (pe lângă altele la fel de nobile – vedeţi postările mele din toate categoriile). Am descoperit un program PicsArt pe care îl folosesc de câteva luni. Astăzi căutam ceva pe tabletă şi dintr-o dată mi-a sărit în ochi SketchGuru şi PaintJoy, două programe pe care le-am instalat să mă uit ce fac. Nu au pagină de prezentare dar pentru ce am vrut eu sunt… excelente!

Wow, superb, exact ce-mi trebuia când aştept în aeroport sau în tren prin peregrinările mele de business. M-am jucat cu SketchGuru şi eram fericită ca un copil că în sfârşit nu mai trebuie să car în bagajul de mână caietul de schiţe şi creioanele. Am acum cu ce să-mi fac schiţele rapide, am pe ce improviza, am pe ce să-mi fac rapid notiţele inspirate de imaginile şi de personajele întâlnite.

Iată de a ieşit aşa,la prima mână: Primul desen făcut a fost copacul luminos (Light tree), al doilea a bambusul (Bamboo).

 

După ce le-am încărcat pe PicsArt le-am pus şi pe Twitter şi… surpriză: site-ul PicsArt de pe Twitter mi l-a pus pe un site de pe web: (daţi click pe imaginea de mai jos). Thanks PicsArt.

FACEŢI SPORT

Ah, lipsa de mişcare de care vorbeşte toată lumea… Să nu mai vorbim despre curele ciudate de slăbire. Şi ce uşor se poate menţine o siluetă acceptabilă, cu puţin efort, acasă, fără cheltuieli suplimentare şi fără alte complicaţii.

Vă propun nişte mişcări simple, prin care, dacă le faceţi zilnic, veţi avea o siluetă de invidiat. Aşa cum vă spălaţi zilnic pe dinţi, faceţi şi aceste mişcări, nouă la număr, iar după o săptămână veţi vedea că vă veţi simţi cu totul altă persoană.

Aşadar, lăsaţi banii în geantă, nu vă mai luaţi după toate sfaturile privind curele de slăbire şi faceţi puţină mişcare.

HELL VISION AND SCIENCE

YURI GAGARIN – FIRST MAN IN SPACE

ABOUT FRACTALS

The mathematics behind fractals began to take shape in the 17th century when mathematician and philosopher Leibniz considered recursive self-similarity (although he made the mistake of thinking that only the straight line was self-similar in this sense).

It took until 1872 before a function appeared whose graph would today be considered fractal, when Karl Weierstrass gave an example of a function with the non-intuitive property of being everywhere continuous but nowhere differentiable. In 1904, Helge von Koch, dissatisfied with Weierstrass's very abstract and analytic definition, gave a more geometric definition of a similar function, which is now called the Koch snowflake. In 1915, Waclaw Sierpinski constructed his triangle and, one year later, his carpet. Originally these geometric fractals were described as curves rather than the 2D shapes that they are known as in their modern constructions. In 1918, Bertrand Russell had recognised a "supreme beauty" within the mathematics of fractals that was then emerging. The idea of self-similar curves was taken further by Paul Pierre Lévy, who, in his 1938 paper Plane or Space Curves and Surfaces Consisting of Parts Similar to the Whole described a new fractal curve, the Lévy C curve. Georg Cantor also gave examples of subsets of the real line with unusual properties — these Cantor sets are also now recognized as fractals.

Iterated functions in the complex plane were investigated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Henri Poincaré, Felix Klein, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia. However, without the aid of modern computer graphics, they lacked the means to visualize the beauty of many of the objects that they had discovered.

In the 1960s, Benoît Mandelbrot started investigating self-similarity in papers such as How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension, which built on earlier work by Lewis Fry Richardson. Finally, in 1975 Mandelbrot coined the word "fractal" to denote an object whose Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension is greater than its topological dimension. He illustrated this mathematical definition with striking computer-constructed visualizations. These images captured the popular imagination; many of them were based on recursion, leading to the popular meaning of the term "fractal".

In Nature

Approximate fractals are easily found in nature. These objects display self-similar structure over an extended, but finite, scale range. Examples include clouds, snow flakes, crystals, mountain ranges, lightning, river networks, cauliflower or broccoli, and systems of blood vessels and pulmonary vessels. Coastlines may be loosely considered fractal in nature.

Trees and ferns are fractal in nature and can be modelled on a computer by using a recursive algorithm. This recursive nature is obvious in these examples — a branch from a tree or a frond from a fern is a miniature replica of the whole: not identical, but similar in nature. The connection between fractals and leaves are currently being used to determine how much carbon is really contained in trees. This connection is hoped to help determine and solve the environmental issue of carbon emission and control.

In 1999, certain self similar fractal shapes were shown to have a property of "frequency invariance" — the same electromagnetic properties no matter what the frequency — from Maxwell's equations.

A fractal is "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole". Because they appear similar at all levels of magnification, fractals are often considered to be infinitely complex (in informal terms). Natural objects that approximate fractals to a degree include clouds, mountain ranges, lightning bolts, coastlines, and snow flakes.

Five common techniques for generating fractals are:

• Escape-time fractals – (also known as "orbits" fractals) These are defined by a formula or recurrence at each point in a space (such as the complex plane). Examples of this type are the Mandelbrot set, Julia set, the Burning Ship fractal, the Nova fractal and the Lyapunov fractal. The 2nd vector fields that are generated by one or two iterations of escape-time formulae also give rise to a fractal form when points (or pixel data) are passed through this field repeatedly.
• Iterated function systems – These have a fixed geometric replacement rule. Cantor set, Sierpinski carpet, Sierpinski gasket, Peano curve, Koch snowflake, Harter-Heighway dragon curve, T-Square, Menger sponge, are some examples of such fractals.
• Random fractals – Generated by stochastic rather than deterministic processes, for example, trajectories of the Brownian motion, Lévy flight, percolation clusters, self avoiding walks, fractal landscapes and the Brownian tree. The latter yields so-called mass- or dendritic fractals, for example, diffusion-limited aggregation or reaction-limited aggregation clusters.
• Strange attractors – Generated by iteration of a map or the solution of a system of initial-value differential equations that exhibit chaos.
• L-systems - These are generated by string rewriting and are designed to model the branching patterns of plants.

Fractal patterns have been found in the paintings of American artist Jackson Pollock. While Pollock's paintings appear to be composed of chaotic dripping and splattering, computer analysis has found fractal patterns in his work.